The discovery of a 4,000-year-old three-dimensional polychrome mural at Huaca Yolanda has been recognised by international journals as one of the most significant archaeological finds of 2025.
Unearthed by a Peruvian research team of archaeologists in July last year, the mural is already reshaping academic perceptions of early Andean societies for its rarity and complexity.
Unlike most known examples of ancient wall art in Peru, this piece is three-dimensional and carved in relief on both sides of a wall, creating a visual and symbolic connection between two temple spaces. Experts say no comparable example has previously been documented in either Peruvian or global archaeology.
Mauricio, who heads the Early Ecodynamics Archaeological Program of the Chao and Santa Valleys (PRAET) at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, pointed out that the finding has validated the mural’s remarkable aesthetic, technical and symbolic characteristics.
“This is more than an artistic achievement,” she said. “It represents a sophisticated worldview and ritual system that we are only beginning to understand.”
The iconography depicted on the mural is particularly striking. One side features a large bird, approximately six meters long, shown with outstretched wings and rendered in high relief. Beneath it appears a geometric feline head.
On the opposite side, three human figures are depicted in sequence, increasing in size; the final figure bears a bird’s head, suggesting a ritual transformation. Researchers believe this imagery represents shamanic practices, central to leadership, religious authority, and scientific knowledge in early Andean societies.
The mural is located within a U-shaped temple complex, a sacred architectural form dating back four millennia. The artwork appears on the uppermost atrium, considered the most restricted and ceremonial area. Pigments in ochre, red, black, and blue indicate multiple phases of painting, pointing to prolonged ritual use.
Work continues with the research team to protect the site and bring discoveries to the community. Only six meters of the mural have been excavated so far. Funding remains a challenge, but efforts are underway to conduct further excavation, conservation, radiocarbon dating, and pigment analysis. Scholars claim the mural provides an unprecedented window into the spiritual and social life of Ancient Peru.
Header Image Credit : PRAET-PUCP
Sources : Andina
