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There are at least two runic Viking inscriptions in Hagia Sophia’s marble parapets in Istanbul

The first runic inscription was discovered in 1964 on a parapet on the top floor of the southern gallery, the inscription is worn down so only -alftan, which is the Norse name Halfdan, is legible.

A second inscription was discovered by Folke Högberg from Uppsala in 1975 in a niche in the western part of the same gallery and is considered by some experts to be Viking grafitti.

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They may have been engraved by members of the Varangian Guard who were an elite unit of the Byzantine Army, from the 10th to the 14th centuries, whose members served as personal bodyguards to the Byzantine Emperors.

They are known for being primarily composed of Germanic peoples, specifically Scandinavians (the Guard was formed approximately 200 years into the Viking age) and Anglo-Saxons (after the Norman Conquest of England created an Anglo-Saxon emigration, part of which found employment in Byzantium).

Perhaps the most famous member of the Varangian Guard was the future King Harald Sigurdsson III of Norway, known as Harald Hardråde (“Hard-ruler”), who died at the Battle of Stamford Bridge while invading England in 1066.

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Mark Milligan
Mark Milligan
Mark Milligan is multi-award-winning journalist and the Managing Editor at HeritageDaily. His background is in archaeology and computer science, having written over 8,000 articles across several online publications. Mark is a member of the Association of British Science Writers (ABSW), the World Federation of Science Journalists, and in 2023 was the recipient of the British Citizen Award for Education, the BCA Medal of Honour, and the UK Prime Minister's Points of Light Award.
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