During the Bronze Age, Mesopotamia was witness to several climate crises. In the long run, these crises prompted the development of stable forms of State and therefore elicited cooperation between political elites and non-elites.
This is the main finding of a study published in the journal PNAS and authored by two scholars from the University of Bologna (Italy) and Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen (Germany).
This study investigated the impact of climate shocks in Mesopotamia between 3100 and 1750 BC. The two scholars looked at these issues through the lenses of economics and adopted a game-theory approach. They applied this approach to the first detailed database on climate and institutional evolution of the 44 most important states of Mesopotamia.
“Severe and prolonged droughts pushed elites of landowners to grant political and property rights to the non-elites, who had the skills and tools to stem the damages brought by climate change. Elites did so to persuade non-elites that a sufficient part of the crops would be shared through the production of public goods”, explains Carmine Guerriero, a professor at the Department of Economics at the University of Bologna and one of the authors of this study. “On their end, non-elites promoted institutional changes, embracing a culture of cooperation to persuade elites of their commitment to future cooperations”.
Three severe droughts seem to confirm these intuitions. In the last stages of the Urban Revolution (3800-3300 BC), religious groups stepped in and eventually coordinated the effort of building the first human-made canals. Then, during the Protodynastic Period (3100-2550 BC), the Palatine military promoted the cooperation between farmers, granting them protection and the resources of the military enlistment.
During the Imperial Period (2350-1750 BC), a valuable and climate shock-independent alternative to agricultural activities was put forward by corporations of merchants that had increasingly taken hold. Conversely, periods of milder climate promoted the cooperation between non-elites and elites while elites were not forced to give up their power and non-elites were not obliged to adopt a culture of intense cooperation.
“Because of their primarily agricultural economic systems, some developing countries are experiencing climate change in a way that resembles that of Mesopotamian States, and they will also experience politically relevant consequences”, adds Guerriero. “On the one hand, unfavourable climate shocks can promote cooperation between normally contrasting parties by granting more rights to non-elites.
On the other hand, favourable climate conditions allow for the cooperation between elites and non-elites through less inclusive social orders and with some degree of cultural accumulation. Therefore, two major objectives in this sense are spreading a strong culture of cooperation and avoiding the random transfer of more inclusive social orders in developing countries”.
All in all, analyzing events concerning lost civilizations can offer useful insights to understand and solve issues of present times. “The past offers a more encouraging perspective against which we can measure the gravity of today’s crises including the pandemic”, suggests Guerriero. “Moreover, the past shows the importance of an interdisciplinary approach involving social and natural sciences to obtain a more precise evaluation of short-, medium- and long-term effects of climate change”.
This paper appeared in the journal PNAS with the title “Climate Change and State Evolution”. It reports about a research project funded by the Alma Idea Programme of the University of Bologna and the Programme for Young Researchers “Rita Levi Montalcini”. The authors are Giacomo Benati, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, and Carmine Guerriero, University of Bologna. Federico Zaina (Research Fellow at the Department of Architecture, Construction and Constructed Environment Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Milan) and Laura Righi (Research Fellow at John XXIII Foundation of Religious Sciences) also took part in the study.
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