Shipwrecks act as artificial reefs and provide a substrate and nutrients for a great diversity of microorganisms, which can contribute to either the deterioration or preservation of the ship.
Tropical forests are a hotspot of biodiversity. Against the backdrop of climate change, their protection plays a special role and it is important to predict how such diverse forests may change over decades and even centuries.
Initial theories on glacier refuges suggested that after the conclusion of the glaciations during the ice age, bears from northern Europe fled to the south for shelter.