Archaeologists excavating the ancient city of Heraclea Sintica in south-western Bulgaria have uncovered an exceptionally rare Roman-era surgical instrument used to remove bladder stones, a discovery experts say is among the most significant of its kind ever made.
The bronze instrument was found in a room adjoining the Temple of Hercules during ongoing excavations. According to excavation director Prof. Lyudmil Vagalinski, the find is only the second known example of its type worldwide, with the only other recorded example discovered in Italy.
The instrument, known as a lithulkos, formed part of a specialised surgical kit used by ancient physicians to perform lithotomy—the delicate and often dangerous operation to remove bladder stones.
“The instrument is an extremely rare find not only for Bulgaria, but also worldwide,” Prof. Vagalinski said. “From the available scientific literature, only one other similar discovery is known in Italy.”
Although the curved ends of the double-hook instrument are missing, archaeologists found its decorated bronze handle with a series of embossed rings and remains in great condition.
Ancient doctors used many surgical tools like scalpels, needles, curettes and spoons, but very specialised surgical instruments such as the lithulkos are highly unusual. According to the researchers, it indicates that Heraclea Sintica was home to very well-trained medical professionals during the prosperous Roman age.
The find dates to the 3rd century AD, when Heraclea Sintica was experiencing significant economic growth under the Roman Empire.
According to Prof. Vagalinski, ancient writers, including Pliny the Elder, described bladder stones as one of the most painful medical conditions. The Greek physician Ammonius of Alexandria (who lived during the 3rd century BC) is known for developing surgical technique and specialised instruments to treat the condition, earning him the nickname “Lithotomos” or “The Stone Cutter”.
The location of the discovery has also led archaeologists to wonder what function the building might have played. Because the instrument was found in a room adjacent to the Temple of Hercules, researchers believe it may have been the place where pilgrims seeking divine healing also had medical treatment.
“The fact that we found it in a room next to the Temple of Hercules suggests that perhaps sick people seeking the help of the mythical hero were treated there,” Prof. Vagalinski said, adding that further study is needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Excavations at the site are continuing, with a team of seven archaeologists and 34 workers investigating the area surrounding the temple. Heavy machinery is being used to remove thick river sediment deposits before archaeologists continue excavation by hand to expose and document the ancient architecture.
The latest discovery provides rare evidence of the sophistication of Roman medicine and offers new insight into healthcare practices at Heraclea Sintica, one of Bulgaria’s most important archaeological sites.
Sources : Archaeologia Bulgarica
